农村互联网发展对中国玉米全要素生产率的影响

采用DEA-mamlquist指数测算2004—2019年中国17个玉米主产省(区)的全要素生产率,运用联立方程组模型实证检验农村互联网发展对玉米全要素生产率的影响及其作用机理,并分区域探讨其差异性。结果显示:2004—2019年中国玉米全要素生产率年均增长0.2%,主要依靠技术进步的单轨模式驱动。农村互联网的发展显著(P<0.01)提升玉米全要素生产率,主要依靠技术进步和技术效率的协同作用驱动。分区域来看,农村互联网发展对玉米全要素生产率均具有显著(P<0.01)的促进作用,其影响程度由高到低依次为北方春播玉米区>黄淮海平原夏播玉米区>西北灌溉玉米区>西南山地玉米区。建议进一步提高农村互联网的配套设施建设,发挥互联网“连接经济”的优势,应用多元化互联网技术,促进不同生态类型区玉米生产效率的提升。     

何刚德《抚郡农产考略》农业经济思想初探

《抚郡农产考略》是清末江西有代表性的农学著作,不仅保存有抚州地区大量农产种类、栽培与加工技术等资料,还包含了大量的商品经济信息。作者何刚德已经认识到自给自足的自然经济会对生产有束缚作用,他在记载各类农产品时,提出“价值”的概念且用货币价格对其衡量,并深入揭示了农产品上市时间、供求、地理、交通条件等因素对价格的影响,进而寻求增值之道。何氏提倡多种经营,大力种植棉花、烟叶等经济作物,发挥柑橘、甘蔗等名优特产优势,促进农业的商品化生产。他还建议通过深加工的方式获取更高利润,并对未能引进西方的先进加工技术而感到惋惜。《抚郡农产考略》体现了中国近代官僚知识分子对农业经济转型的探索,具有重要的历史价值与现实意义。     

鸡皮刺螨实验室饲养与繁殖技术研究进展

鸡皮刺螨是一种吸血性外寄生虫,会引起鸡消瘦、贫血,并导致产蛋下降,造成巨大经济损失。为给科研提供可靠虫源,并对杀螨药物、疫苗以及其他防控手段进行效果评价,国内外学者进行了鸡皮刺螨实验室的人工饲养与繁殖技术研究。文章综述了国内外鸡皮刺螨实验室饲养与繁殖技术的研究进展,将其总结归纳为使用动物饲养繁殖技术与离体饲养繁殖技术两类,同时指出了各项技术在应用过程中存在的问题,为该技术的进一步完善与发展提供相关参考。     

基于"量-质-域-流"四维指标体系的水资源荷载状况评价——以黑河流域三地市为例

随着社会经济用水不断增加，水资源供需矛盾加剧，水资源系统出现荷载不均衡现象，制约了区域发展，危及生态环境良性循环。本文从水资源系统的负荷需求和承载能力出发，基于“量、质、域、流”四个维度构建水资源荷载均衡评价指标体系，采用指标规范化的正态云模型，评价2015年黑河流域张掖市、酒泉市、阿拉善盟水资源配置方案的荷载均衡状况，并依据负荷与承载能力评分二维坐标，分出低负荷-高承载能力、低负荷-低承载能力、高负荷-高承载能力和高负荷-低承载能力四个分区。评价结果表明：2015年三地水资源荷载状况均为Ⅳ级，张掖市综合评分为3.697，酒泉市为3.657，阿拉善盟为3.901，三地均处于高负荷-低承载能力区域；三地在水质维度上处于低负荷-高承载能力区间，水质维度评分均处于Ⅱ级，酒泉市水质评分优于张掖市，张掖市水质评分优于阿拉善盟；在水量、水域、水流维度上均处于高负荷-低承载能力区间，水量方面三地处于Ⅳ级，张掖市优于酒泉市，酒泉市优于阿拉善盟；水域方面张掖和阿拉善盟评分均处于Ⅴ级，酒泉评分处于Ⅳ级；水流方面三地均处于Ⅴ级。需要采取调控手段在水量、水域、水流方面上进行“增强承载”和“卸荷”。     

海南红肉与白肉火龙果营养成分含量分析

测定海南地区栽培的红肉火龙果和白肉火龙果中营养成分含量,比较两个品种间的差异。结果表明,红肉火龙果的糖酸比、碳水化合物、磷、钠、钙、锌、铜含量高于白肉火龙果,蛋白质、膳食纤维、灰分、脂肪、铁、镁、硒含量低于白肉火龙果;钙含量在两种火龙果中差异显著(P0.05),脂肪、镁含量在两种火龙果中差异极显著(P0.01)。     

我国喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化区植物群落构建机制研究

喀斯特断陷盆地是我国石漠化综合治理8大喀斯特类型中治理成效最低、治理难度最大的区域，面临石漠化严重、干旱频发、植被恢复难等突出问题。文中针对水分是影响喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化治理与植被恢复成效最关键的限制因素，综合分析了国内外水分梯度差异与植物群落构建机制研究动态与发展趋势；提出利用日趋成熟的水分脆弱性评价方法，通过建立基于耦合暴露度、敏感性及适应性的水资源脆弱性评价指标体系，以满足遥感影像分辨率和植物群落调查样地大小的评价单元进行水分脆弱性评估；在建立物种库—功能性状—生境特征数据库的基础上，提出基于功能性状差异进行喀斯特断陷盆地植物群落机制构建的研究方案。提出的研究方案有望解决喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化区水分梯度特征与分布格局、自然植物群落组配规律及其生境特征、水分梯度与生境要素对植物群落特征及功能性状组成的影响规律等关键科学问题，可为不同脆弱生态区植被恢复群落构建机制研究提供重要参考和借鉴。     

Do cover crops change the lability of phosphorus in a clayey subtropical soil under different phosphate fertilizers?

Plants have developed different mechanisms to absorb and solubilize phosphorus (P) in the soil, especially in environments with low P availability. This study evaluated the effects of different winter cover crops on soil P availability in a clayey subtropical (Hapludox) soil receiving soluble P fertilizer and a rock phosphate applied to the summer crop, under no‐tillage. The experiment was carried out over 3 yrs (2009–2011) with five different cover crop species: common vetch, fodder radish, ryegrass, black oat, white clover and fallow as control. The soil was sampled after the third year of cover crop cultivation and analysed for inorganic and organic P forms according to the well‐established Hedley fractionation procedure. Phosphate fertilizers promoted accumulation of both labile and nonlabile P pools in soil in the near surface layer, especially under rock phosphate. Fertilizer applications were not able to change P fractions in deeper layers, emphasizing that the Brazilian clayey soils are a sink of P from fertilizer and its mobility is almost nil. Although the cover crops recycled a great amount of P in tissue, in a short‐term evaluation (3 yrs) they only changed the content of moderately labile P in soil, indicating that long‐term studies are needed for more conclusive results.     

Impact of weather variables and season on sporulation of Phytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae

Phytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae are the causal agents of important needle diseases on Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Little is known about the epidemiology of the diseases, making the development of control strategies challenging. To investigate the seasonality and climatic drivers of sporulation, inoculum traps, consisting of pine fascicles floating on water in plastic containers, were exchanged fortnightly at five sites in P. radiata plantations between February 2012 and December 2014. Sections of needle baits were plated onto selective media and growth of Phytophthora pluvialis and P. kernoviae recorded. To explore the generalizability of these data, they were compared to detection data for both pathogens from the New Zealand Forest Health Database (NZFHDB). Further, equivalent analyses on infection of Rhododendron ponticum by P. kernoviae in Cornwall, UK allowed the comparison of the epidemiology of P. kernoviae across different host systems and environments. In New Zealand, inoculum of P. pluvialis and P. kernoviae was detected between January–December and March–November, respectively. Inoculum of both species peaked in abundance in late winter. The probability of detecting P. pluvialis and P. kernoviae was greater at lower temperatures, while the probability of detecting P. pluvialis also increased during periods of wet weather. Similar patterns were observed in NZFHDB data. However, the seasonal pattern of infection by P. kernoviae in the UK was the opposite of that seen for sporulation in New Zealand. Phytophthora kernoviae was likely limited by warmer and drier summers in New Zealand, but by colder winter weather in the UK. These results emphasize the importance of considering both environmental drivers and thresholds in improving our understanding of pathogen epidemiology.